Stickgold et al. (2000) found that, remarkably, performance on a visual discrimination task actually improved over the 48-96 hours after initial training, even without practice during that time. However, what if participants were sleep deprived during that period? They trained 11 participants in that new skill, then all were sleep deprived. The data were (-14.7, -10.7, -10.7, 2.2, 2.4, 4.5, 7.2, 9.6, 10, 21.3, 21.8)-or download the Stickgold data set from the book website. The data are the changes in performance scores from immediately after training to after the night without sleep: 0 represents no change, positive scores represent improvement, and negative scores represent decline. Data set courtesy of DataCrunch (tiny.cc/Stickgold)